Vol. 7, Issue 5, Part B (2025)

One of the most important oilseed crops grown worldwide, mustard (Brassica spp.) makes a substantial contribution to the production of edible oil. Agronomic elements including plant spacing and phosphorus fertilization affect mustard's growth, yield, and financial viability. In addition to lowering intra-plant competition and increasing plant vigor, proper spacing guarantees the effective use of light, nutrients, and soil moisture. However, phosphorus has a direct impact on crop productivity as it is essential for root development, energy transfer, enzyme activation, and seed formation. According to a number of studies, a moderate spacing (such as 30 cm by 10 cm or 45 cm by 15 cm) enhances plant height, biomass accumulation, and siliqua production by offering an ideal balance between plant population and resource availability.

Plant density is increased by closer spacing, but competition for vital resources may result, lowering total output per hectare. Because there are fewer plants per unit area, wider spacing can lower total seed yield even though it is good for the growth of individual plants. Applying phosphorus at the right amounts (40–80 kg P₂O₅/ha) greatly increases mustard growth by boosting root multiplication, nutrient uptake, and photosynthetic efficiency. Phosphorus-deficient soils have been linked to reduced seed output, delayed flowering, and stunted development. However, excessive phosphorus application can result in nutrient imbalances and financial losses and may not always result in increased production. According to economic calculations, phosphorus levels and plant spacing should be chosen to optimize net returns and cost-benefit ratios. In addition to increasing mustard yield and oil content, balanced phosphorus fertilization and appropriate spacing also guarantee improved input usage, which lowers production costs and boosts profitability.