Vol. 7, Issue 8, Part I (2025)

Biological nitrogen fixation serves as the cornerstone for nitrogen input in agricultural soils, especially in arid regions. The most impactful nitrogen-fixing systems are symbiotic, and they played a pivotal role in enhancing the fertility and productivity of nitrogen-deficient soils. Among these systems, legume symbioses have garnered significant attention and have been the focus of extensive research. In these powerful partnerships, the bacteria Rhizobium efficiently fix nitrogen within all leguminous plants by forming specialized structures known as nodules. These nodules are essential for effective biological nitrogen fixation. Within the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the plant supplies a carbon source. At the same time, the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, an unviable process that enables legumes to flourish in nitrogen-poor soils. This remarkable symbiotic relationship is not just beneficial but essential for the advancement of sustainable agriculture. It mitigates the environmental consequences associated with traditional farming practices and conserves vital nitrogen fertilizers. The Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, encompassing both herbaceous and tree legumes, emerges as a premier solution for enhancing soil fertility and rehabilitating arid landscapes. Therefore, it stands as a critical focus for future research and agricultural innovation