Vol. 5, Issue 2, Part B (2023)

Phenology models are critical in understanding and predicting plant development stages, especially in crops like maize (Zea mays L.). This review examines thermal index-based phenology models, focusing on their principles, applications, and the latest advancements. Thermal time, commonly known as growing degree days (GDD), is the cornerstone of these models. We discuss various models, their calibration and validation methods, and their effectiveness in different climatic regions. Furthermore, the impact of climate change on these models and the integration of remote sensing technologies are explored. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how thermal index-based models contribute to maize phenology and agricultural planning.