Vol. 7, Issue 10, Part F (2025)

Indian agricultural sector is facing multiple challenges because of rising competition for land resources and water access and changing climate patterns. This study examines the impact of fertilizer consumption, irrigation, and annual rainfall on crop productivity in India. The study is based on secondary data from 1981 to 2023. Trend analysis indicates that crop productivity increased at an average annual rate of 2.09%, fertilizer use at 3.88%, and irrigation coverage at 1.46%. Rainfall showed a negligible and statistically insignificant increase of 0.11% per year. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model establishes a long-run cointegrating relationship between crop productivity and its determinants. The error correction term was found significant and suggests that short-run deviations adjust toward long-run equilibrium, thereby confirming the stability of the model. The application of fertilizers consistently enhances productivity, whereas irrigation efficiency represents a critical area for enhancement. The findings highlight the necessity of balanced fertilizer application, effective water management, and climate-resilient strategies to promote sustainable agricultural development and ensure long-term food security in India.