Vol. 7, Issue 12, Part F (2025)

Climate change continues to exert growing pressure on agricultural systems worldwide, intensifying water scarcity, degrading soil quality, and increasing yield instability. For many developing and climate-vulnerable regions, these stressors threaten long-term food security and undermine rural livelihoods. Sustainable agricultural practices especially irrigation modernization, soil-conservation measures, and crop-diversification strategies have emerged as key resilience tools. Yet their economic viability, optimal combinations, and long-term return on investment remain insufficiently quantified, creating a gap for policymakers and farmers seeking cost-effective adaptation pathways. This article presents an integrated economic analysis framework for evaluating sustainable irrigation systems, soil-management interventions, and diversified cropping models under climate-change scenarios. The framework incorporates capital costs, operating expenditures, yield impacts, input-use efficiency, water-productivity gains, and long-term ecosystem benefits into a unified analytical structure. It further applies marginal abatement cost curves, cost-benefit analysis, and partial-equilibrium modeling to quantify how these interventions affect household income, regional food supply, and national food-security indicators. By examining interactions between irrigation efficiency, soil-carbon retention, crop-rotation diversification, and market-risk reduction, the study highlights how bundled interventions often generate higher economic returns than isolated investments. The analysis emphasizes that sustainable irrigation technologies such as drip systems, solar-powered pumps, and deficit-irrigation scheduling can reduce water stress while improving profitability. Soil-conservation practices including mulching, terracing, cover cropping, and conservation tillage enhance long-term soil fertility, lowering fertilizer dependence and stabilizing yields. Crop diversification further mitigates climate risk by smoothing income variability and expanding market opportunities. Overall, the findings demonstrate that integrated climate-smart farming strategies deliver strong economic and environmental benefits, supporting not only farm-level resilience but also national food-security objectives and broader climate-adaptation policies.