Vol. 7, Issue 12, Part H (2025)

Impact of given synthetic fungicide Dithane M-45 and biofungicide Withania somnifera Dunal at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations on seed germination, seedling development, and seedling vigour index in tomato variety NS-2535.In this vigour index, root and shoot growth, and seed germination were all unaffected by the synthetic fungicide Dithane M-45. Higher fungicide application concentrations may be harmful to seed germination and seedling growth. The vigour index, root and shoot growth, and germination% were all unaffected by the leaf extract of Withania somnifera Dunal. In fact, even at higher concentrations, the tested extract showed a greater boosting impact; as a result, the extracts could be used safely in place of fungicide to promote seed germination and seedling development.