Vol. 7, Issue 4, Part D (2025)

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge impacting livestock health, particularly in tropical regions. At the molecular level, heat stress activates intricate signaling cascades and gene networks in cattle that drive cellular adaptation and survival. These include the heat shock response, oxidative stress pathways, immune regulation, and modulation of apoptotic genes. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies have revealed key gene families, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), oxidative stress markers (e.g., HMOX1, BNIP3), and immune regulators (e.g., TLRs, NOS), that orchestrate these molecular defenses. Understanding these molecular responses is crucial for designing genetic, nutritional, and environmental interventions to improve thermotolerance in cattle.