Cultivation and feasibility of makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) in coastal high TDS conditions: A climate-resilient model for crop diversification and sustainable livelihoods

Abstract:

Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.), a nutritionally rich and economically important aquatic crop, is traditionally cultivated in freshwater ecosystems of eastern India, particularly Bihar. The present study evaluates the feasibility of cultivating makhana under coastal conditions in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, characterized by elevated Total Dissolved Solids (TDS >500 ppm), alkaline water, and saline influence.

The study was conducted using a systematic field-based approach involving pond selection and preparation, substrate conditioning, controlled seed germination, nursery development, and transplantation under monitored conditions. Crop performance was assessed through regular monitoring of growth parameters and water quality throughout the cultivation cycle.

The crop exhibited successful establishment, consistent vegetative growth, normal flowering, and seed formation despite a progressive increase in TDS levels from approximately 520 ppm to 1200 ppm. No significant adverse effects on plant growth or reproductive development were observed under the prevailing conditions. Pilot-scale yield observations from a small experimental pond further supported the feasibility of cultivation under coastal high TDS conditions.

The study aligns with recent national initiatives, including the establishment of the National Makhana Board by the Government of India, as announced by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, aimed at promoting makhana cultivation and expanding its production beyond traditional regions. In this context, the findings demonstrate that makhana can sustain productive growth under coastal high TDS environments, indicating a broader ecological adaptability than traditionally recognized.

This study provides field-based evidence supporting the feasibility of makhana cultivation in saline-prone regions of western India. The results highlight the potential of utilizing underexploited coastal water bodies for aquatic crop production and contribute to the development of climate-resilient agricultural systems and diversification strategies.