Nutritional value and safety risks of fruits and vegetables: An integrated review

Abstract:

Fruits and vegetables are indispensable components of human nutrition, supplying essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals that collectively sustain physiological functions and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Their consumption has been consistently associated with improved cardiovascular health, enhanced immunity, reduced obesity prevalence, and protection against certain cancers. Recent research highlights that these benefits are increasingly compromised by contamination risks across the farm to market supply chain. Pesticide residues, heavy metals, and microbial pathogens represent major hazards, with chronic exposure linked to endocrine disruption, carcinogenesis, renal and neurological disorders, and recurrent food borne outbreaks.