Decoding the phytochemical complexity of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea): A comprehensive review

Abstract:

Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) is a medicinally important perennial climber widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with a long history of use in traditional systems such as Ayurveda. The plant has gained increasing scientific and industrial attention due to its rich phytochemical composition and broad spectrum of biological activities. This review highlights the diverse bioactive constituents of C. ternatea, including flavonoids, anthocyanins (notably ternatins), alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, and unique cyclic peptides known as cyclotides. These compounds are responsible for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties. The presence of anthocyanins not only contributes to its intense blue coloration but also supports its application as a natural food colorant with added health benefits. Cyclotides, due to their exceptional stability and bioactivity, further enhance the pharmaceutical potential of the plant. Experimental and clinical studies validate its traditional use as a cognitive enhancer and therapeutic agent for managing oxidative stress-related and metabolic disorders. In addition to medicinal applications, C. ternatea is increasingly utilized in functional foods and nutraceutical formulations. Overall, the integration of traditional knowledge with modern research underscores the plant’s significance as a promising natural resource for future drug development and health-promoting applications.