Chironji (Buchanania lanzan spreng.): Nutritional, functional, and technological perspectives on a high-value underexploited non-timber forest nut

Abstract:

Chironji (Buchanania lanzan spreng.), a non-timber forest product (NTFP) of significant economic value within the Anacardiaceae family, is a nutritionally rich yet underutilized tree nut prevalent in the dry deciduous forests of India. Despite its considerable potential for supporting livelihoods and its growing market demand, there is a paucity of systematic scientific research on its processing, nutritional quality, and functional properties. This review critically compiles and synthesizes existing literature on the taxonomy, distribution, harvesting practices, mechanized decortication technologies, physical characteristics, nutritional composition, fatty acid profile, phytochemical constituents, and oil properties of Chironji kernels. The kernels are noted for their high lipid content (approximately 57-60%), primarily comprising oleic and palmitic acids, moderate protein levels (approximately 19-25%), essential minerals, and significant bioactive compounds, including phenolics and flavonoids. The reported total phenolic content ranges from 5.78 to 39.53 mg GAE/g, contingent upon the extraction and roasting conditions, underscoring the impact of thermal processing on antioxidant potential. Mechanical decortication efficiency has been reported to reach up to 96%, with moisture conditioning and process optimization significantly enhancing whole-kernel recovery and reducing breakage. However, substantial variability in compositional attributes is observed due to genotype, geographical origin, maturity stage, and post-harvest handling of the fruit. Although traditional processing methods are widely employed, they are labor-intensive and often result in kernel damage and quality loss. Emerging mechanized technologies and optimized roasting parameters demonstrate improved efficiency and enhanced functional attributes, indicating strong potential for industrial scale-up. Nonetheless, challenges remain in terms of standardization, storage stability, quality preservation, and sustainable harvesting practices, particularly as the species is classified as vulnerable in certain regions. Overall, Chironji kernels are high-value, nutrient-dense functional food ingredients with promising applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors.