Ecotoxicological Effects of Pymetrozine and Cartap on Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma): Implications for Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability

Abstract:

Agricultural intensification has increased reliance on chemical pesticides, raising concerns about soil health and biodiversity. This review examines the ecotoxicological impacts of Pymetrozine and Cartap on Pheretima posthuma, a sentinel earthworm species critical for soil fertility. Pymetrozine, a triazine derivative, primarily disrupts feeding behavior through chordotonal mechanoreceptor inhibition, while Cartap, a nereistoxin analogue, exerts stronger neurotoxic effects via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism. Evidence shows both compounds induce oxidative stress, impair enzymatic activity, disrupt reproduction, and alter locomotion, leading to population declines and reduced soil bioturbation. Cartap demonstrates higher persistence and bioaccumulation, posing greater long-term ecological risks compared to Pymetrozine. Environmental variables such as temperature and soil composition further modulate toxicity. The findings underscore the cascading consequences of pesticide exposure on nutrient cycling, microbial diversity, and ecosystem resilience. This review highlights the urgent need for sustainable pest management strategies and regulatory frameworks to safeguard soil health and environmental sustainability.