Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis: Recent advances in production, extraction, purification, stability enhancement, and industrial applications

Abstract:

Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is a nutrient-rich cyanobacterium widely recognized for its high protein content and valuable bioactive compounds, particularly C-phycocyanin. This review summarizes recent advances in Spirulina cultivation, nutritional composition, phycocyanin extraction and purification techniques, factors affecting pigment stability, and its applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical industries. Conventional and emerging extraction technologies, along with purification strategies, are discussed to highlight their influence on pigment yield and quality. The review also outlines current challenges and future prospects for improving the large-scale production and commercial utilization of phycocyanin as a sustainable natural blue pigment and functional ingredient.